The Merchant of the Death essays

The Merchant of the Death papers Bobby Pendragon is a fourteen-year-old kid with a typical life until his uncle came to him, approaching frantically for help. Uncle Press removed him to a region called Denduron, which is a medieval reality where the delicate Milago are subjugated by the Bedoowan, and its Bobbys strategic spare them and to spare the world. Uncle Press discloses to him that he is a voyager, which implies somebody that can ride flumes through existence and soon he understands he should spare Denduron from an abhorrent explorer. In the event that the underhanded voyager, Saint Dane, can cause war between two clans on planet Earth. Along these lines, he collaborates with Loor, a young lady of his age from the warrior region of Zadaa and different explorers, they make a decent attempt to stop Saint Dane and the two clans from conflicting. I respect the character Bobby the most in view of his nobility, in spite of the way that he needed to escape back to Earth once he showed up Denduron. Be that as it may, when he comprehended if the shrewd voyager, St Dane, can cause wars between 2 clans on the planet Denduron, the entire universe will be wrecked, Bobby concocted a wide range of thoughts so as to support the Milago. From the high school that perpetually discontent with a thing in Denduron, he turned into the pioneer of the upset, the friend in need of the planet Denduron, and even the Earth. I likewise appreciate the steadiness that the character Loor had. Loor and her mom never prevailing with regards to sparing the Milago Bobby showed up, by the by they hadnt even idea of surrendering the Milago. In any case, Loors mother got executed when they attempted to spare the Milago once with Bobby, that didnt stop Loors powerful urge to revolt the opportunity of the Milago. ... <!

Epitaph and Dreaming Black Boy Free Essays

a) Compare the manners by which these two sonnets manage the experience of abuse and prejudice. b) State which of the two sonnets you discover additionally upsetting, and offer motivations to help your response. c) Identify and remark on TWO lovely gadgets utilized in every sonnet to feature the operations of abuse or prejudice. We will compose a custom paper test on Inscription and Dreaming Black Boy or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy† and â€Å"Epitaph† are two sonnets which address the issues of mistreatment and prejudice. despite the fact that the two of them manage a similar issue, it is taken care of and talked about in an unexpected way. In † Dreaming Black Boy†, the persona, a youthful dark kid in school, discusses his yearnings and dreams. He seeks after a conclusion to prejudice. The persona attempts to utilize his training to attempt to get away from the cruel truth of bigotry. He not just notices what is happening around him now, yet additionally the past and even how he might want things to be later on. He yearns for acknowledgment, a great instruction, achievement, to travel and a break from mental subjugation. He neglects to get a handle on that in spite of his knowledge and physical development, the supremacist treatment will keep, imagining that what he encounters as a little fellow is the most noticeably awful, he presently can't seem to discover how it is later on. Then again, â€Å"Epitaph†, an essentially shorter sonnet, is about a dark slave who was hanged, individuals stop what they are doing to watch the sight, yet the remainder of the world keeps on going on. The sugar stick keeps on developing, not at all like in â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy†, the persona in â€Å"Epitaph† is a grown-up, looking on a past event and remarking on how these kinds of occasions have affected on our lives today. â€Å"Epitaph† has all the earmarks of being the most upsetting as it recommends that a significant number of these slaves’ passings are overlooked. The thought or idea that life goes on after you bite the dust and all you are granted is a â€Å"pause†. The pictures in â€Å"Epitaph† are likewise progressively realistic. In â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy†, the writer utilizes code word to down play the brutal truth of the youthful dark kid. For instance, â€Å"plotters in pajamas† is utilized to allude to the KKK, a gathering scandalous for the dread they caused on the dark race. The fundamental scholarly gadget utilized in â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy† is mention. The persona insinuates racial oppression gatherings, a renowned vocalist etcetera, to communicate the things he might want to change about his world. â€Å"Epitaph† utilizes the â€Å"apostrophe† to give a visual picture f the dark slave hanging and swinging as he is hanged. This allegory is compelling in demonstrating likewise how the slave has assumed the issues of the dark race as his own. What's more, his demise has a place with the blacks. It is their history. Bigotry and subjection are two of the most disputable and harsh components i n mankind's history. In spite of the fact that the two sonnets contrast in style and method, both effectively portray the physical and passionate impacts of prejudice and mistreatment (bondage). This achievement is accomplished using inferences, clear pictures, representative language and even code word. ) Compare the manners by which these two sonnets manage the experience of mistreatment and bigotry. b) State which of the two sonnets you discover additionally upsetting, and offer motivations to help your response. c) Identify and remark on TWO wonderful gadgets utilized in every sonnet to feature the functions of persecution or bigotry. â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy† and â€Å"Epitaph† are two sonnets which address the issues of persecution and bigotry. in spite of the fact that the two of them manage a similar issue, it is taken care of and talked about in an unexpected way. In † Dreaming Black Boy†, the persona, a youthful dark kid in school, discusses his y earnings and dreams. He seeks after a conclusion to prejudice. The persona attempts to utilize his instruction to attempt to get away from the unforgiving truth of prejudice. He not just notices what is happening around him now, yet additionally the past and even how he might want things to be later on. He aches for acknowledgment, a great instruction, achievement, to travel and a break from mental bondage. He neglects to get a handle on that regardless of his knowledge and physical development, the bigot treatment will keep, imagining that what he encounters as a little youngster is the most noticeably awful, he presently can't seem to discover how it is later on. Then again, â€Å"Epitaph†, an altogether shorter sonnet, is about a dark slave who was hanged, individuals stop what they are doing to watch the sight, yet the remainder of the world keeps on going on. The sugar stick keeps on developing, not at all like in â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy†, the persona in â€Å"Epitaph† is a grown-up, looking on a past event and remarking on how these kinds of occasions have affected on our lives today. â€Å"Epitaph† seems, by all accounts, to be the most upsetting as it recommends that a large number of these slaves’ passings are overlooked. The thought or idea that life goes on after you bite the dust and all you are granted is a â€Å"pause†. The pictures in â€Å"Epitaph† are likewise increasingly realistic. In â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy†, the artist utilizes code word to down play the brutal truth of the youthful dark kid. For instance, â€Å"plotters in pajamas† is utilized to allude to the KKK, a gathering scandalous for the dread they caused on the dark race. The fundamental abstract gadget utilized in â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy† is mention. The persona suggests racial domination gatherings, a popular artist etcetera, to communicate the things he might want to change about his existence. â€Å"Epitaph† utilizes the â€Å"apostrophe† to give a visual picture of the dark slave hanging and swinging as he is hanged. This allegory is compelling in demonstrating additionally how the slave has assumed the issues of the dark race as his own. Furthermore, his demise has a place with the blacks. It is their history. Prejudice and subjection are two of the most dubious and abusive components in mankind's history. In spite of the fact that the two sonnets vary in style and procedure, both effectively depict the physical and passionate impacts of prejudice and abuse (servitude). This achievement is accomplished using suggestions, clear pictures, representative language and even doublespeak. The most effective method to refer to Epitaph and Dreaming Black Boy, Papers

Going on this week at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Going on this week at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Tuesday Title: U.S. Shale Gas Pacific Gas Market: Pacific LNG Trade Gas Pricing Issues Sponsored By: Center on Global Energy Policy What is it:   Forum with Adam Sieminski, Administrator of the U.S. Energy Information Administration; and Chris Smith, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary and Acting Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy at the U.S. Department of Energy. Wednesday Title: 2013 MFA Thesis Exhibition Sponsored by:   Columbia University School of Arts What is it:  Columbia University School of the Arts Visual Arts Program, in association with the Fisher Landau Center for Art, presents the 2013 MFA Thesis Exhibition, encompassing work by the 26 artists who will graduate from the program this May. Thursday Title: Can Haitian Story-telling, Imagination and Oral History Traditions Influence Popular Environmental Risk Perception? Sponsored by: The Earth Institute What is it: Panel with Sabine Marx, Managing Director, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED), Columbia University; Laura Simms, Award-winning Performer, Writer, Educator; Jean Refuse, Director, Haitian American Foundation for Cultural Exchange; Moderated by Tatiana Wah, Director, Haiti Research and Policy Program, and Alex Fischer, Associate Director, Haiti Research and Policy Program, Center on Globalization and Sustainable Development (CGSD), The Earth Institute, Columbia University. Friday Title: Late Imperial Epistemologies: A Eurasian Studies Workshop Sponsored by: Harriman Institute What is it: Conference about Late Imperial Epistemologies in Eurasian Studies. Saturday Undergraduate move out, no campus events Sunday Title: SIPA Graduation Party Sponsored by: SIPASA What is it: Join us at the SIPASA Graduation Party for one final night together as the Class of 2013! Celebrate under the stars with all your second year friends at The Empire Hotel Rooftop.

Chapter 2 Closing Case Essay - 893 Words

Google’s Closing Case Questions 1. How does Google’s mission drive strategy at the company? Google’s mission to organize the world’s information and make it universally acceptable and useful helped it develop a very useful search engine that we all use or have used on a regular basis. They run on the mantra â€Å"don’t be evil!† They came up with the saying in the hopes to always run the business with integrity. One aspect of this was the decision to not let outside companies’ interests bias where they rank. â€Å"Don’t be evil† is the cornerstone to the company’s ethics and it is the basis of every strategic decision. (Hill Jones, 2012) 2. Is Google’s stance toward Internet search in China consistent with its mission? Google’s stance†¦show more content†¦They went completely against their principles when they started self-censorship. â€Å"Don’t be evil†, in my opinion, means exactly what it says. Don’t allow humans to over-govern other humans. By staying in a country with such intense human rights issues and censorship, they are saying they agree with it. They are contributing to China’s economy which benefits their government. The revenue from China is marginal and not worth giving up integrity. If they withdrew from China, it would send them a message that freedom of information should be standardized right of all humanity. Every one of us have opinions as to what is right and what is wrong to search on the internet but no government has the right to take the freedom to search and visit any website. The only setback is taking such a useful tool from the citizens. I feel like self-censorship is a right in our own homes. Like I said before, we all have our opinions as to what is right and what is wrong. Parents probably have a long list of websites and topics that they don’t want their kids to visit or view. But censorship should be inside the home or workplace. Parents should be able to monitor their kids’ activities on the internet and keep them from certain websites. At work, employers should be able to keep employees from engaging in certain activities on the internet to keep productivity high. But a government should not have the right to censor what we view on the internet. ThereShow MoreRelatedChapter 3 41546 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 3 #2 - When is a companys competitive advantage most likely to endure over time? A companys competitive advantage is most likely to endure over time when the company has built barriers to imitation, which make it difficult for a competitor to copy the companys distinctive competencies. Another element needed is the ability to quickly react to changes in the customers needs and have a high absorptive capacity in order to identify, value, assimilate, and use new knowledge. Lastly, theRead MoreClosing Case 13953 Words   |  4 PagesClosing Case: Chapter 13 Bonnie Jordan Managerial Finance Instructor: Kristi Rayford March 11, 2013 The Closing Case in Chapter 13 focuses on options for a 401K for an employee of the East Coast Yacht Company. Several decisions must be made regarding investments, which will be highlighted in this discussion. Equity investments can go into the S amp; P 500 or an index related option. The former has lower fees, and the latter higher ones. Other elements to be discussed include theRead MoreArts Principles869 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 2: Principles for Effective, High-Quality Out-of-School Time Arts Programs Chapter 2 is centered on ways to implement effective improvements to OST art programs using stated and latent needs gathered from the participating teens and tweens. Researchers compiled ten principles that ought to be followed/implemented in order to engage more low-income urban youth. The ten principles are: †¢ Principle 1: Instructors are professional, practicing artists, and are valued with compensation for theirRead MoreResearch: Income Statement and Laser Recording Systems Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pages(Note: This is a continuation of the Cookie Chronicle from Chapters 1 through 3.) CCC4 Cookie Creations is gearing up for the winter holiday season. During the month of December 2011, the following transactions occur. Continuing Cookie Chronicle 219 Dec. 1 5 8 9 15 16 19 23 23 23 28 Natalie hires an assistant at an hourly wage of $8 to help with cookie making and some administrative duties.†¨Natalie teaches the class that was booked on November 25. The balance out- standing is received. Read MoreCase 4-1 Pc Depot714 Words   |  3 PagesSelling expense 24,900 105,750 Sales salaries Miscellaneous general expenses 31,000 6,220 Sales discounts Interest expense 9,300 Social security tax expense 9,600 Total S 1,437,790 The data for the adjustments are 1. Cost of merchandise sold, $302,990. 2. Depreciation on store equipment, $12,750. 3. Supplies inventory, January 3 1, $5,210. (Purchases of supplies during the year were debited to the Supplies Inventory account.) 4. Expired insurance, $4,660. 5. Interest accrued on notes payable, $3,730Read MoreThe Problem Of A Stock Trading System Based On Prediction Models Obtained With Daily Stock Exchange System Essay818 Words   |  4 Pagesreturns of IBM stocks at the New York Stock Exchange. These predictions will be used together with a trading rule that will generate buy and sell signals. This chapter addresses several new data mining issues: (1) how to use R to analyze data stored in a database; (2) how to handle prediction problems where there is a time ordering among training cases (usually known as a time series); (3) and the consequences of wanting to translate model predictions into actions. 3.1 Problem description and objectivesRead MoreUsing A Stock Trading System Based On Prediction Models Obtained With Daily Stock Exchange System Essay959 Words   |  4 Pagesreturns of IBM stocks at the New York Stock Exchange. These predictions will be used together with a trading rule that will generate buy and sell signals. This chapter addresses several new data mining issues: (1) how to use R to analyze data stored in a database; (2) how to handle prediction problems where there is a time ordering among training cases (usually known as a time series); (3) and the consequences of wanting to translate model predictions into actions. 3.1 Problem description and objectivesRead MoreData869 Words   |  4 Pagesaccuracy. Inaccurate data leads to inaccurate information. What can be some of the consequences of data inaccuracy? What can be done to ensure data accuracy? Data accuracy is important because inaccurate data leads may lead to such things as the closing down of business, it may also lead to the loosing of jobs, and it may also lead to the failure of a new product. To ensure that one’s data is accurate one may double check the data given to them, as well as has more than one person researching theRead MoreSoftware Project Management Quiz Questions1182 Words   |  5 PagesIT 2123 - Pre-Quiz Chapters 3 4 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. JWD Consulting’s core business goal is first presented in the ____ section of the business case. |a. |Critical Assumption and Constraints | |b. |Current Situation and Problem/Opportunity Statement | |cRead MoreAll Things Run Their Course1744 Words   |  7 Pageslife in the city ran into death according to rule, time and tide waited for no man, the rats were sleeping close together in their dark holes again, the Fancy Ball was lighted up at supper, all things ran their course.†(-A Tale of Two Cities, book 2, chapter 7, page 117), which emphasizes the role class struggle plays in the fate of France. Dickens uses a fountain in the square of Paris as a symbol of the unyielding power fate maintains over the french people. Parallelism by the repetition of the word(s)

My Life For A Road Trip - 1323 Words

It was the hottest summer in California, and of course this is the time my parents’ decided this would be a good time for a road trip. We went to LA for the weekend to visit my Grandma Jane and Grandpa Albert, but it was time to head back to Colorado where we had no beaches, but the air was somewhat cooler. All four of us--Mom, Dad, my older brother Eric, and myself, Chloe--all crowded in a 10 year old Subaru Outback with all the stuff we brought along. The air was blasting out of all the vents yet it wasn t doing much to counteract the hot sun shining through the window. It might not have been one of the best memories of my childhood, but I found myself holding on to it, because we were all together as a family. It s only been three years since the trip, but it felt like ten years had gone by. Eric was in college, and I had just started high school. It was September 21st, the day my parents told me that Dad was moving out and they decided to get a divorce. I sat in bed wondering What did i do? I kept on replaying the moment when they told me. I remember it started to get cold and rainy. From the moment I woke up I could feel something different. I thought it was just the weather that was changing, but it was something bigger. After lunch Mom and Dad sat me down on the brown leather couch between the two of them. Oh no. They just looked at each other. Mom took a breath and said straight out, â€Å"Chloe, I m sorry, but yourShow MoreRelatedMy Life For A Road Trip1323 Words   |  6 PagesChange It was the hottest summer in California, and of course this is the time my parents’ decided this would be a good time for a road trip. We went to LA for the weekend to visit my Grandma Jane and Grandpa Albert, but it was time to head back to Colorado where we had no beaches, but the air was somewhat cooler. All four of us--Mom, Dad, my older brother Eric, and myself, Chloe--all crowded in a 10 year old Subaru Outback with all the stuff we brought along. The air was blasting out of all theRead MoreUnplanned Roadtrip760 Words   |  4 PagesUnplanned Road trip The most people take risks to go on a road trip; some people believe it’s not important. Road trip is one of the most excited events. Road Trip is full of fun and people suffer through, some different experience. I was too excited when; I went last time with friends on a road trip and had lot of fun but planning play great role in road trip. On the Sunday morning, it was raining outside and I was getting bore at home. I called my friend and make a plan for road trip. I pickRead MoreSummer Road Trip1174 Words   |  5 PagesMy Summer Road Trip The late June Texas sun was hot as it came through the window of my Caliber. I had begun my road trip to the lake house in Mineola early that morning. I had dressed for comfort, wearing my blue shorts and my favorite worn out tee, I knew it was going to be a long hot drive. As I drove down the road, I soon realized that I had never been anywhere alone before. This was a new feeling to me, one of strength and fear rolled into one. While fighting the traffic to get out of townRead More Fort Bragg: My First Road Trip Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesFort Bragg: My First Road Trip When you are a teenager you reach a certain point in your life when you want to be independent. You get this feeling that you want to do something on your own to prove you can. When I was seventeen, in the fall of 2001, I had that feeling that I needed to do something on my own. I needed an adventure to show everyone that I was old enough to be on my own for once. I needed something exciting and new. I talked to my friend Annie and we came up with aRead MoreRoad Trips in Literature: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas and Travels with Charlie970 Words   |  4 PagesRoad trips are known to be fun adventures. When someone says they are going on a road trip people expect them to go and see amazing places and then come back. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson, Travels with Charley by John Steinbeck and On the Road by Jack Kerouac are about road trips but these trips are not about the adventure. Duke from Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Sal from On the Road and Steinbeck from Travels with Charley all go on road trips because of the American driveRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story The Kim Family 779 Words   |  4 PagesThanksgiving trip during winter weather was truly tragic. They made a decision to take a road trip under harsh weather conditions with limited amount of food and gas. They missed their exit, and decided to take an unknown, dangerous route where they got stuck for nine days. In my opinion, the moral of the story is to plan and prepare for a road trip especially under inclement weather. It’s essential to carry an emergency kit, extra food, water, and clothing in case one gets stuck due to poor road conditionsRead MoreA Picture Of The Kancamagus Highway812 Words   |  4 PagesPainting a Picture of the Kancamagus Highway The mountains are known for cutting through the landscape like glaciers. The Kancamagus Highway, or â€Å"The Fearless One† cuts through Lincoln, to Conway, New Hampshire. Rich in history as well winding roads, and mammoth mountains are often traveled by the fearless, and adventurous traveler. For some, they stumble upon this great beauty is small and not appreciated, but for others the venture is a state of mind and continues to inspire long after the visitRead MoreShort Story : Memoir 1155 Words   |  5 Pagestowards the end of June last year, it was family rodeo back home where my mom grew up at. We had always gone back to that town and that rodeo since i was a yee young lad, around 5 or 6. We used to go see my grandma, but she died when i was 10. Anyways, it was my mother, my brothers, sister and her family, me and my girlfriend. Well, the car we were suppose to drive 5 hours north with was very cramped for all of us, so i asked my girlfriend if we could borrow her new car she just bought the day beforeRead MoreThe people around us make experiences great and unforgettable. I was oblivious to this fact before800 Words   |  4 Pagesfact before my first completely independent summer trip for three weeks. In the past, I always traveled with my parents. They were all great vacations but they were not planned or controlled by me. It was all up to my mom. This time, however, I was the one who found the opportunity to go to the seaside with a group of young people and spend 21 days there. My parents were happy to let me go on this trip; as they also saw it as an exciting opportunity. It was up to me to plan it all on my own. I learnedRead MoreThe City Of The Nairobi Airport1201 Words   |  5 Pagesinto Nairobi. The darkness was broken by the lights of the city and airfield. Touching down around 9:30 local time, I climbed wearily down the stairs and saw my first sight of Africa, the Nairobi airport. It didn’t look especially impressive and I only wanted to sleep because my body ached in a way that only eight hours in an airplane can do. My family was taken to customs; two hours later, we emerged, glad that we had hurdled our first obstacle. After, finding our driver, we had a 45 minute tour on

Language Acquisition Free Essays

Language is a systematic set of finite arbitrary symbols that are used to convey   Ã‚  information from a source to a receiver.   It is the most revolutionizing invention humans had ever made.   It made communication commit lesser errors, and be more accurate in sending information to a particular receiver. We will write a custom essay sample on Language Acquisition or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is also one of the universal and most dynamic creations of humans.   Every human in every culture, present or past, owns a particular language that is unique compared to other languages or even to the same language at a different time. People have always been able to communicate through speech, gestures, signs and other different arbitrary symbols.   This process is called communication wherein individuals and groups are able to express what they think and feel through different languages. On contrary, it has been said that language can only be either spoken or written, and is the primary source of communication.   It may be transmitted through learning based on learned associations between words and things.   Through it, people are not only able to share information but also, they are capable to share their cultures since language reflects culture too. The structure of language involves phonology, morphology, grammar and syntax. Phonology, considers the sound involved in language.   It is the range of possible sounds that a certain language utilizes.   These sounds do not have meaning on themselves as units.   Morphology on the other hand, deals with the combination of sounds to which they form meaningful words, phrases or sentences. These are the most basic units of language that have meanings.   Grammar is the rule in which sounds and words are to be put.   Grammatical rules include subject verb agreement and the like.   And last, syntax is the rule that governs how words should be arranged so that the information would be symbolized more accurately (Kotak, 2004). There are two aspects of communication. First is the ability to comprehend what others are trying to communicate and second, is the ability to communicate to others in a such a way that they can be understood (Hurlock, 1982). Communication requires two processes, encoding and decoding.   Encoding is when a source puts information into symbols, while decoding is the process wherein the symbolized information is turned back into conceptual information that can be understood.   There is also a concept called miscommunication wherein the information conveyed through a particular language was not decoded properly by the receiver, or that the information was sent to the wrong receiver. Considering infancy or babyhood years, it would be difficult for such babies to be understood.   And since learning to speak is not an easy task for babies, nature provides other means of communication until these babies are ready to speak. These other forms of communication are called pre-speech forms (Costello, 1976). Pre-speech forms comes in four developmental patterns of learning how to talk – crying, babbling, gestures and use of emotional expressions.   Crying is one of first few ways of an infant use as a form of communication.   Though adults do not always get an accurate interpretation of an infant’s cry, his cries are indications that he is trying to communicate. The different cries of a baby may indicate his hunger or pain.   Most babies learn that crying is a way to get attention before they are three months of age.   Also, crying is one of the indicators that an infant is learning.   When an infant cries, he may observe that he gets attention, and because he know that he needs attention, especially from adults, he would repeat this behavior.   And because of the repeated crying, the attention that adults give them becomes a positive reinforcer to his behavior.   With this, he learns that he can communicate with other humans with the use of crying. The previous behavior can also be seen as a springboard on which infants learn more complex forms of language, such as speech.   With pre-speech forms such as crying and babbling, he can communicate hunger or pain to adults, but when he wants to communicate their want to go out of their crib or to get a particular object they see on a distance, it would require for them to have a more complex instrument for communicating. This is evident in an infant from 3-7 months old.   The infant still cannot deliver speech, but has already learned that they can communicate through pre-speech forms.   When the baby gets hungry, he will cry.   When an adult extends both arms to gesture that he would want to carry the infant, the infant would either extend his arms if he wants to be taken or retracts if he does not want to be taken.   When a baby suddenly cries, an adult will not be readily able to understand why he is crying, but when an infant already knows how to babble some comprehensible morphemes, the caregiver would be able to tell exactly why the infant was crying. Babbling is another form of how a baby tries to communicate (Hurlock, 1982).   It can be seen as a â€Å"prototype language† which infants can use to communicate.   Babbling can also be seen as the epitome of all human languages, because it contains the simplest units of language, phonemes and morphemes. Children from different cultures babble before they are able to speak (Lenneberg, 1967).   Babbling is actually a stage of a child wherein he or she makes different sounds but are not recognizable as words.   Infants produce sounds that can be considered as basic parts of spoken language.   It often begins on the child’s 7th or 10th months of age (Oller, 2000).   This babbling stage of a child is often reinforced by parents wherein they recognize the child by smiling or repeating the word to which the child’s babble seem to sound like.   It is also reinforced when the baby gets what he wants when he does a particular behavior, for example, when he wants one of his parents to come, he can say â€Å"ma-ma,† or â€Å"da-da.† Gesturing, on the other hand, is a substitute that babies use for speech. This is done when children are able to say a few words and then combining these words with actions to complete their sentence or to be able to communicate to others. An example of this is a child who would say â€Å"no† and push his plate; this means that he does not like or want the food.  Ã‚   Babies can also use gestures to express emotions more.   Babies can show happiness by tapping, or show curiosity by gently touching an object. These gestures are still evident even when the infant grows up.   Most of the gestures that adults still use can also be seen in infants.   A person laughing hard may hit objects, like a table or his / her leg with an open palm.   This behavior can also be seen in infants.   The nodding and shaking of the head can also be seen both in adults and babies. And last of the four pre-speech forms is the so-called emotional expressions.   This is said to be the most effective pre-speech form of communication because of the expressive facial gestures used by babies to communicate to others.   It is also useful because babies are not capable of controlling emotions so it is easy to identify what they feel and babies also find it easier to understand what others are trying to tell them through their facial expressions than the words being used (Hurlock, 1982). Facial expressions are very powerful communicating instruments because of the existence of five universal emotions such as anger, fear, sadness, happiness and disgust.   All humans from different cultures can understand each of these emotions.   This may be the reason why infants have been given the skill to use these emotions and show these through facial expressions. Acquisition is defined as the phase where an individual learns a new skill (Mazur, 2006).   An infant can be said to have acquired a new learning when it starts using the skill to produce a particular effect.   It is said that infants who â€Å"know† how to use their crying to get the adults’ attentions have already acquired the knowledge of communicating. Association is when objects are linked or connected to one another.   In this process, the child is shown two objects from which he could identify one with the help of the other.   Learning through association also involves the number of times or the frequency of an object when paired to another.   Therefore, the more frequent two objects are paired, an individual would be most likely to associate them (Mazur, 2006). This can be seen when an infant associates hunger with crying, crying with the parent’s attention, and the attention with food.   This way, whenever the baby gets hungry, he will cry thinking that food will come next. A child learns language through parents’ reinforcement of making sounds such as babbling and cooing.   This reinforcement is often done through the so-called operant conditioning.   Reinforcement is defined as a stimulus that helps strengthen or lessen the behavior of an individual only if it is given after the specific behavior occurs.   In this case, the positive reinforcement is most commonly used wherein a child receives incentives or rewards if he did desirable things which would tend to be associated in his behaviors. Meanwhile, operant conditioning is a process wherein the subject has his or her behaviors modified through learning from the consequences of their actions. On the other hand, Noam Chomsky (1955) claimed that the human brain has limited set of rules to organize language making language have a common basis called universal grammar.   Chomsky had hypothesized that language is formed because of environmental factors.   This means language is shaped by the environment.   â€Å"One example of this is an operation that would move the second word of a sentence to the front, and thereby accounts for the fact that children tend not to try out sequences such as Of glasses water are on the table?† when they seek the interrogative counterpart of â€Å"Glasses of water are on the table. â€Å"Universal grammar is part of the knowledge that resides in the human mind of a person who knows a language. The science of linguistics tries to ascertain what constitutes universal grammar and what beyond universal grammar differentiates languages from one another† (Albert, n.d.). When a child grows up, he or she takes note of how he speaks and how he delivers different speeches. The child now learns by modeling by imitating the way adults speak and use language.   The choice of primary language is also determined by the language used by the parents. The child also becomes aware and conscious of his grammar and syntax as he communicates with others.   Grammar and syntax deal with the togetherness, order and arrangement of words.   The child also learns how to put words into different arrangements so that the child can communicate effectively. The Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area of the brain, both located at the cerebral cortex is important for language comprehension and speech production. If these areas would be damaged, an individual will not be able to understand any spoken language and would lose the ability to speak meaningful sentences (Mazur, 2006). References Albert, Michael. (n.d.) Universal Grammar and Linguistics. Retrieved 4 June 2007 from http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/grammar.htm Chomsky, N. (1955). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton Costello, A.J. (1976). Pre-verbal communication. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 17, 351-353. Hurlock, E. (1982). Developmental Psychology: A Life-Span Approach. Navotas: McGraw-Hill Inc. pp. 87-89. Kotak, C. P. (2004). Language and Communication. Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity. 10 ed. pp. 391- 414. Lenneberg, E.H. (1967). Biological Foundations of Language. New York: Wiley Mazur, J. E. (2006). Learning and Behavior. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Oller, D.K. (2000). The Emergence of the Speech Capacity. Mahwah, New Jersey: Erlbaum. How to cite Language Acquisition, Essay examples

Mortgage

Definition A mortgage-backed security (MBS) is a type of investment that is similar to bonds. Its value is secured by pooling several mortgages, which are then sold to investors (Mishkin Eakins, 2012). The security is a derivative element. The reason is that its value is tied to that of another asset.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mortgage-Backed Securities as an Investment Type specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The investor does not pay for the actual mortgage. On the contrary, they are paid on the basis of the pooled returns over time. The principal and interest from the mortgage pay for the principal and interest of the MBS (The Bond Market Association [BMA], 2002). Why MBS are Used The primary objective of this security is to help people own houses. The plan was introduced in 1968 (BMA, 2002). The introduction of MBS allowed other financial institutions to venture into the risky mortgage business (BMA, 2002 ). Before its introduction, only banks had the ability to offer long-term credits to purchase houses. According to Mishkin (2001), MBS also ensured that lenders got their money right away. It also protected them if the owners defaulted on their payments. Types of Mortgage-Backed Securities Pass-through It is the most basic type of MBS. It is also called participation certificates. The mortgage payments collected are passed to the investors (BMA, 2002). It is further categorized into residential and commercial MBS. The former is backed by residential property while the latter is secured by commercial assets. Collateralized mortgage obligation (CMO) It is a complicated form of MBS (Mishkin Eakins, 2012). Unlike the pass-through, CMO is made up of many securities called tranches. Each tranch operates independently. As such, there are different cash flow patterns (Mishkin Eakins, 2012). Financial Crisis and Decline of Economic Activities A financial crisis can either be systematic or non-systematic. The former affects the entire financial system while the latter only involves a few markets (Mishkin, 2001). An economic crisis is associated with a series of events. The sequence is analyzed below.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Financial Crisis – Sequence of Events The figure below illustrates the sequence of events associated with a financial crisis: Figure 1:Â  Development of a financial crisis Source: Mishkin and Eakins (2012) Initiation It is the stage where the financial crisis is triggered. It can be caused by a combination of many factors. One of them is mismanagement of economic liberalization. Liberalization helps the economy by promoting financial development. A credit boom can occur where institutions lend significant amounts of money (Mishkin, 2001). The uncontrolled lending may eventually overwhelm loan regulators. The resulting risky lending leads to losses (Mishkin, 2001). Another factor that may trigger the crisis includes fiscal imbalances. It results from overspending on the part of the government. Authorities react variously in case of economic imbalances. For example, they may prompt financial entities to absorb their debts. The faith of the investors is lost. Consequently, the price of stock plummets (Mishkin, 2001). Currency crisis The difficult business conditions result in the insolvency of some institutions. As such, their net worth is reduced (Mishkin Eakins, 2012). Creditors and banks are unable to pay off their depositors. Most of them go out of business, causing a financial panic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mortgage-Backed Securities as an Investment Type specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Full-fledged financial crisis Most emerging economies hold their debts in foreign denominations, mostly the US dollar. The situation l eads to currency mismatch. When the local currency depreciates, the debt burden increases (Mishkin, 2001). As a result, the value of these financial obligations increases. The situation leads to a decline in economic activities. Depreciation of the local currency also raises the price of imports, destabilizing the economy further. References Mishkin, F. (2001). Financial policies and the prevention of financial crises in emerging market countries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Mishkin, F., Eakins, S. (2012). Financial markets and institutions. New York, NY: Prentice Hall. The Bond Market Association. (2002). An investor’s guide to pass through and collateralized mortgage securities. New York, NY: St. Michael’s House. This essay on Mortgage-Backed Securities as an Investment Type was written and submitted by user Harlow Hebert to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Make Colored Easter Eggs Using Natural Dyes

Make Colored Easter Eggs Using Natural Dyes Its fun and easy to use foods and flowers to make your own natural Easter egg dyes. The two main ways to use your own dyes are to add dyes to the eggs when boiling them or to dye the eggs after they have been hard-boiled. Its a lot faster to boil the dyes and eggs together, but you will use several pans if you want to make multiple colors. Dyeing the eggs after they have been cooked takes as many dishes and more time, but may be more practical (after all, most stoves only have four burners!). Try both fresh and frozen produce. Canned produce will produce much paler colors. Boiling the colors with vinegar will result in deeper colors. Some materials need to be boiled to impart their color (name followed by boiled in the table). Some of the fruits, vegetables, and spices can be used cold. To use a cold material, cover the boiled eggs with water, add dyeing materials, a teaspoon or less of vinegar, and let the eggs remain in the refrigerator until the desired color is achieved. In most cases, the longer you leave Easter eggs in the dye, the more deeply colored they will become. Here is the preferred method for using natural dyes: Place the eggs in a single layer in a pan. Add water until the eggs are covered.Add approximately one teaspoon of vinegar.Add the natural dye. Use more dye material for more eggs or for a more intense color.Bring water to a boil.Reduce heat and simmer for 15 minutes.If you are pleased with the color, remove the eggs from the liquid.If you want more intensely colored eggs, temporarily remove the eggs from the liquid. Strain the dye through a coffee filter (unless you want speckled eggs). Cover the eggs with the filtered dye and let them remain in the refrigerator overnight.Naturally-colored eggs will not be glossy, but if you want a shiny appearance you can rub a bit of cooking oil onto the eggs once they are dry. You can use fresh and frozen berries as paints, too. Simply crush the berries against dry boiled eggs. Try coloring on the eggs with crayons or wax pencils before boiling and dyeing them. Happy Easter! Natural Easter Egg Dyes Color Ingredients Lavender Small Quantity of Purple Grape JuiceViolet Blossoms plus 2 tsp Lemon JuiceRed Zinger Tea Violet Blue Violet BlossomsSmall Quantity of Red Onions Skins (boiled)Hibiscus TeaRed Wine Blue Canned BlueberriesRed Cabbage Leaves (boiled)Purple Grape JuiceButterfly Pea Flowers or Tea Green Spinach Leaves (boiled)Liquid Chlorophyll Greenish Yellow Yellow Delicious Apple Peels (boiled) Yellow Orange or Lemon Peels (boiled)Carrot Tops (boiled)Celery Seed (boiled)Ground Cumin (boiled)Ground Turmeric (boiled)Chamomile TeaGreen Tea Golden Brown Dill Seeds Brown Strong CoffeeInstant CoffeeBlack Walnut Shells (boiled)Black Tea Orange Yellow Onion Skins (boiled)Cooked CarrotsChili PowderPaprika Pink BeetsCranberries or JuiceRaspberriesRed Grape JuiceJuice from Pickled Beets Red Lots of Red Onions Skins (boiled)Canned Cherries with JuicePomegranate JuiceRaspberries

How To Use Spanish Interrogative Pronouns

How To Use Spanish Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns are those pronouns that are used almost exclusively in questions. In both Spanish and English, interrogative pronouns are typically placed at or very near the beginning of a sentence. The Spanish Interrogatives Following are the interrogative pronouns in Spanish with their translations and examples of their usage. Note that in some cases the pronouns can vary in translation when they follow a preposition. Also, some of the pronouns exist in singular and plural forms and (in the case of cunto) masculine and feminine forms that should match the noun they stand for. quià ©n, quià ©nes - who, whom -  ¿Quià ©n es tu amiga? (Who is your friend?)  ¿Quià ©n es? (Who is it?)  ¿A quià ©nes conociste? (Whom have you met?)  ¿Con quià ©n andas? (Whom are you walking with?)  ¿De quià ©n es esta computadora? (Whose computer is this?)  ¿Para quià ©nes son las comidas? (Whom are the meals for?)quà © - what (The phrases por quà © and para quà © are usually translated as why. Por quà © is more common than para quà ©. They are sometimes interchangeable; para quà © can be used only when asking about the intent or purpose of something happening and can be thought of as meaning what for.) -  ¿Quà © es esto? (What is this?)  ¿Quà © pasa? (Whats happening?)  ¿En quà © piensas? (What are you thinking about?)  ¿De quà © hablas? (What are you talking about?)  ¿Para quà © estudiaba espaà ±ol? (Why did you study Spanish? What did you study Spanish for?)  ¿Por quà © se rompià ³ el coche? (Why did the car break down?)  ¿Qu à © restaurante prefieres? (What restaurant do you prefer?)dà ³nde - where -  ¿Dà ³nde est? (Where is it?)  ¿De dà ³nde es Roberto? (Where is Roberto from?)  ¿Por dà ³nde empezar? (Where do we begin?)  Ã‚ ¿Dà ³nde puedo ver el eclipse lunar?  (Where can I see the lunar eclipse?) Note that adà ³nde should be used when where can be substituted with where to with no change in meaning. adà ³nde  - where to, to where  -   Ã‚ ¿Adà ³nde  vas?  (Where are you going to? Where are you going?)  Ã‚ ¿Adà ³nde podemos ir con nuestro perro? (Where can we go to with our dog?)cundo - when -  ¿Cundo salimos? (When are we leaving?)  ¿Para cundo estar listo? (By when will it be ready?)  ¿Hasta cundo quedan ustedes? (Until when are you staying?)cul, cules - which one, which ones (This word also can often be translated as what. Generally speaking, when cul is used it suggests the making of a selection from more than one alternative.) -  ¿Cul prefieres? (Which one do you prefer?)  ¿Cules prefieres? (Which ones do you like?)cà ³mo - how -  ¿Cà ³mo ests? (How are you?)  ¿Cà ³mo lo haces? (How do you do it?)cunto, cunta, cuntos, cuntas - how much, how many -  ¿Cunto hay? (How much is there?)  ¿Cuntos? (How many?) - The masculine form is used unless in context it is known you are referring to an object or objects that are grammatically femini ne. For example,  ¿cuntos? might mean how many pesos? because pesos is masculine, while  ¿cuntas? might mean how many towels? because toallas is feminine. Using Interrogative Pronouns As you may have noticed, the interrogative pronouns are all spelled with accent marks that do not affect the pronunciation. Many of the interrogative pronouns also can be used in indirect questions  (as opposed to questions) while retaining  the accent mark. Note also that many of the interrogative pronouns can be used as other parts of speech, including adjectives and adverbs, either with or without the accent marks, depending on the context.

Comparative Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility Assignment

Comparative Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility - Assignment Example To understand more about comparative advantage, the author will feature in an example. In country A, a worker using machinery produces 4 shirts and 4 skirts per hour while in country B which has less machinery, a worker produces 4 shirts and 2 skirts per hour. It is evident that the less efficient country has a comparative advantage in producing shirts. With the absence of trade, the opportunity cost per shirt is 2 skirts. Bearing in mind that the more efficient country has a 1:1 trade-off, the cost per shirt may reduce to as low as 1 skirt depending on the volume of trade. The more efficient country has a comparative advantage in skirts. It would, therefore, make economic sense if the country shifted its shirts production resources to produce more skirts. It would then trade them for shirts. In economics, the net benefits realized by each country are called the gains from trade. The idea of comparative advantage was first mentioned and developed in Adam Smith’s book The Wealt h of Nations. Here, he puts the theory as follows: if a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than when we ourselves can make it, it is better to buy it from them with gains realized from our own industry. This has to be employed or designed in a way that we have some advantage. David Ricardo, in his 1817 book, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, investigated the advantages and alternatives as well as relative opportunity in an example involving Portugal and England. In his book, he noted that in Portugal, it was possible to produce both cloth and wine using less labor compared to producing the same quantities in England. He also noted that the relative costs met in producing those two goods were different in the two countries.

TO CREATE A MARKETING PLAN FOR NEW PRODUCT OR SERVICE PowerPoint Presentation

TO CREATE A MARKETING PLAN FOR NEW PRODUCT OR SERVICE - PowerPoint Presentation Example Many facets of the marketing plan such as the pricing advantage are detailed below, including strategic analysis of competitors, internal and external strength, weaknesses along with opportunities and strengths etc. promotional plan, marketing mix, competitive advantage and launch strategy. Pond’s ‘Soft and Smooth’ is a deep cleansing, exfoliating face wash which is not only gentle to sensitive skin, but very thorough in cleaning out dirt and oil from every pore on your face. Soft and Smooth guarantees to leave you feeling fresh and cheerful. The convenient easy pump packaging allows the user to simply push the top of the container and get your face wash instead of flipping a cap, pouring it out and capping the bottle again with soapy hands.  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Soft and Smooth is set for a spring launch(towards the end of February), whereby there will be a soft launch in many popular malls followed by a full blown dominating presence as the main launch on shelves in supermarkets and departmental stores around summer(beginning of May). Smooth and Soft face wash will be the solitary face wash related product offering in the company’s portfolio of products. However, given ample time and growth, the company plans on expanding its line of face wash with more special purpose face washes instead of a one-for-all product. The promotion plan entails a first time customers’ discount of 30% if purchased in the soft launch activity zone. The product will be showcased at the basement of two prominent malls in the metropolis along with banners, decoration, flash mob, gift hampers and other awareness-creating activities. The launch will take a multi-tier approach. Spring will usher in awareness activities as part of the ‘soft launch’, where a hired brand activation company would be responsible for showcasing the product in different shopping malls and busy shopping districts through exhibitions, kiosks, and various other

Personal Narrative - Suicide and the Death of My Father :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

The Death of My Father My father and I went hiking together just about every year since I was born. Some years it would be just the two of us, and some years my brother David would come too. When we first begin doing this, we used to stay in our own tent that we would carry upon our backs, but as my father got older, we gradually shifted from tents to staying in lean-tos, then log shelters, and finally to the comfort of the huts that the Appalachian Mountain Club runs on some of the ranges in the White Mountains. With these huts, you get to the top of a peak and find blankets and a hot meal waiting for you. My father and I left three days ago for our annual hike. On our second day, two days ago, we had had a long, but good, day. We had made it most of the way up Mount Lafayette on the edge of the beautiful Pemigwaset wilderness, and we pulled into the Appalachian Mountain Club hut there for a meal. We were enjoying our dinner together, and he was looked comfortable and content. Just before dessert was to be served, my father suddenly slumped forward in his seat and died. Halfway through our hike on the day that he died, I thought my father might have looked a little tired, and I suggested that perhaps we should turn around and take an easier route to a different hut, but he didn't want to. He said that he was doing fine and that besides, we had already made reservations at this particular hut. I said to him: "If something happens to you, do you want people to say `He kept on going because he didn't want to lose his hut reservation?" And he replied, "I think that if something happened, they'd say: `he did it because that's who he was.'" I can say that he died peacefully in a beautiful place and I can say that he probably died proud, not just proud of the determined recovery he had made from a car accident this past winter, but proud of living his life as he always had - making his own choices and choosing his own path. But these things will never be any real consolation to us for the 20 years more that my father should have been with us, sharing his unique mix of stubbornness, humor, wisdom, cynicism, and especially love - a love of life, a love of his family and a love of his community.

Corporate Governance In Australia Essay

INTRODUCTION Corporate governance is the process by which the corporate can implement proficient decision making, appropriate resource allocation, and involve in strategic planning. It concentrates on how objects of are laid down and attained, how risk is watched and evaluated and how performance are maximized. Corporate governance helps corporations to construct value through innovation, provide accountability and to implement proper control system to quantify the risk involved. Corporate governance has become more relevance to determine the cost of capital in a global capital market. So as to facilitate the Australian companies to compete internationally and to preserve and promote investor’s reliability both in Australia and overseas, corporate governance is to ensure to review those practices to reflect both local and international developments and position. Corporate governance must be evolutionary and receptive to the information requirements of local and international investors. In Australia, Corporate governance has been defined by two chief guides viz. ‘Corporate Practices and Conduct ‘issued by the Bosch Committee in 1995 and ‘A guide for Investment Managers and Corporations â€Å"issued by IFSA in 1997 and also by ASX publications and the Australian Institute of Directors. Most definitions on corporate governance refer mainly the following: The devise by which companies are controlled and directed and The devise by which those who control and direct a company are supervised. FUNDAMENTALS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: To explain the functions of the management and the board clearly. The Board is vested with a balance of skills and independence. More emphasis on the honesty on decision makers on corporate’s plan and financial performance. To inform periodically the investors the important happenings in corporate financial activity and enhances the integrity of the corporate reporting. To report all material factors in time and with a matured outlook. The shareholder’s rights shall be clearly acknowledged and to be honored. Business decisions with inherent risk and uncertainty is to be handled with proper internal control. To cope with the modern risks of business, introduction of formal mechanisms to enhance board’s and managerial effectiveness. Proper rewarding system should be designed to attract skills required to achieve the result anticipated by shareholders. Good governance takes care of the interest of all stakeholders . In Australia, relevant disclosures are made in a separate corporate governance section of the annual report of a company. Australian Corporate Act requires certain information is to be included in the director’s report and these informations can be included in the corporate governance section in the annual report of the corporation. The main general salient features of corporate governance codes are: It is the way of guaranteeing that the implementation of economic power by the corporate sector. Board of Directors of a corporation has inherent managerial and supervisory function. It ensures that there is a demarcation between managerial and supervisory roles. It includes the separation of the office of the Chairman and CEO, the installation of independent directors, formation of committees of Board like remuneration, audit, share transfer etc. Major codes of the corporate governance deals with disclosures to shareholders more particularly director’s remuneration, top executive remuneration, independence of directors and shareholding pattern etc. Thus corporate governance is aimed at the maximization of shareholders wealth and to protect their interests. While the corporate governance is helpful to instill confidence on investors and at the same time if there are grave governance deficiencies, the investors may shun the shares of individual companies, a section of markets or even national capital markets. Westpac Banking corporation of Australia has not only stood top of the Australian corporate governance league race in 2004 but also only the bank on international level to enter into the global top 20 corporates as appraised by Governance Metrics International , an International rating agency.[1] The annual IR Magazine Australia awards for   2005 had been awarded to the following Australian companies for their best corporate governance in investor relations by ASX 100 company viz. ANZ , BHP Billion , Blue Scope Steel, and Stock land.[2] COMPARISON BETWEEN CORPORATE GOVERNANCEANDCORPORATE RESPONSIBILITIES: The recent scandals in US like Enron, WorldCom, and Adelphia has compelled the governments across the world to promulgate enhanced legislation, improved corporate codes and corporate boards have been â€Å"re-balanced† to have more independent directors. Corporate responsibility is nothing but the extension of governance beyond simple compliance to squeeze wider social values. A recent survey finds that of late more business heads and corporate investors are factoring corporate responsibility into their decision making process. Thus the corporate responsibility has become vital or pivotal consideration in investment decisions. As per views of business heads, corporate responsibility should include ethical staff behavior, good corporate governance and transparency where as for investors, transparency, good corporate governance and ethical staff behavior were the top most concern.   Further it is revealed that corporate responsibility could augment corporate’s bottom line and resulted in intangible advantages of brand enhancement and better staff morale but it has disadvantages also like unproven business benefits and high cost involved . The Role of ASIC (Australian Securities & Investment Commission) in corporate governance: The ASIC mainly supervises and enforces compliance with the various provisions of the Australian Corporations Act that are devised to control and influence the exercise of power by top managers and directors. The major supervision provisions include duties of directors, general meetings of the company shareholders, and transactions with the related parties. But the full compliance by the corporates can not be possible unless there exists adequate enforcement mechanism. Hence support of the government is needed for the enforcement mandate of their securities market. ASIC has successfully through its various ranges of enforcement measures have brought a series of civil, administrative and criminal actions to bring accountability to wrongdoers. Former CFO of Harris Scarfe was sentenced to 6 year imprisonment in a criminal charges leveled against him by ASIC[3]. Likewise, civil penalty proceedings were initiated against erstwhile directors of HIH. Court held that they breached their duties as directors under the Australian Corporations Act and debarred them to involve in the management of company affairs for 20 years and 10 years.Further, these erstwhile directors were directed to pay compensation of more than A $7 million and also Court imposed pecuniary penalties in each case. Further ASIC is contemplating actions in more than 200 cases most of which mainly concerned with issues relating to failed governance. Further, more than 69 persons were imprisoned for committing white collar crimes from 1999 to 2002. ASIC tries to enforce the corporate codes by compelling to make disclosures, the operation of exchanges (where listing arrangement also requires corporate governance compliances), the directives on audit and licensing of intermediaries. Comparison of Corporate Governance between USA and Australia. In the post-Enron era, the main difference is the USA’s perspective rule based approach and Australia’s more flexible principle-centered approach. Moreover, in Australia, there are array of menu of regulatory and other official standards for business. These includes Australian Corporation Act, regulatory guidelines such as ASX corporate governance council’s best practice ‘suggestions on corporate governance , regulatory ruling like ATO rulings ,regulatory guidelines like ASTC policy statements and practice notes, official standard-setting and judicial pronouncements. [i] Most of SOX provisions are identical to Australian laws and regulations such as CLERP 9 and the ASX corporate governance guidelines. Australia’s corporate governance guidelines are designed mainly for the Australian companies and its stock market and it is user-friendly. ASX corporate governance guidelines and CLERP 9 contains certain SOX governance conditions. It is to be noted that thought there is no 100% identical nature but its intent and objectives are more or less identical. There is a marked difference in approach between USA[4] and Australia towards corporate governance as the former is adopting ‘rule-based’ where as the latter is adopting ‘principle-based’ approach. Australian corporate governance is of suggestive in nature whereas USA is following prescriptive nature to governance matters. Thus the suggestive nature provides an in-built elasticity to retort and adjust to local industry and market forces and too industry ‘best practices’. Though the objective of some US and Australian governance is identical, the expressions applied are different thereby making strict compliance more complex. Further, relationships between Australian companies and their external auditors may be viewed by the SEC of USA as a violation of US auditor independence standards and may result in major penalties regardless the fact it complies with the Australian governance standards. This is to be considered if an Australian company is listed in the US. In the case of auditor independence, Australian â€Å"general independence ‘code is somewhat relaxed than the comprehensive list of specific preclusions under SOX. In US, in addition to annual and quarterly financial reports, a listed company has to file periodic reports on material ‘off-balance sheet ‘transactions. Further, it requires personal certification by the CEO or CFO that reports do not include any untrue statements or material omissions and reporting of changes of ownership status.    Under ASX listing rules and Corporations Act of Australia, a listed company has to file continuous disclosures to instill confidence for investors and facilitate them to have timely access to price sensitive information which have an effect on corporate’s securities. Australian governance codes specify lesser specific responsibility on periodic reporting. Where as under SOX, periodic disclosure is easy to implement as it specifies what are to be to reported every financial quarter and not contemplating to report what is materially price-sensitive which has to be disclosed on continuously under ASX codes. Under US governance codes, stringent and rigid set of prohibitions are placed on external auditors and audit functions which is in line with the US ‘rules based approach’. In contrast, CLERP 9 requires Australian public companies and their external auditors to exhaustive codes concerning auditor independence and fortifies existing auditor independence requirements through a recently introduced set of codes on auditor independence, periodic rotation of audit partners, placing restrictions on employment relations between the client and the auditor and imposing mandatory cooling off period before members of an audit firm can become a officer or director of the client. The main difference lies between Australian ‘general independence test’ which is somewhat liberal than the specific preclusions under SOX. Under SOX, CEO or CFO has to certify that they have reviewed the relevant financial report and it is not misleading or contain untrue information’s and there exists enough internal controls. In Australia, CLERP 9 mandates that CFO or CEO should provide a written certification on financial statements which is to be addressed to Board of Directors and not to the market itself. Thus the Board of directors assumes definitive authority by way of director’s declaration made in accordance with the board’s resolutions as a part of corporates annual financial report. ROLE OF DIRECTORS IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN AUSTRALIA: In one of the study conducted by the Australian Council of Super investors reveals that about 61% of Non-executive directors appointed in 2005 in S&P / ASX 100 companies were found to be holding directorships with S&P / ASX 100 companies already in Australia .This shows that holding directorship in S&P / ASX 100 companies is the pre-qualification to act as NED in Australian companies. Study also reveals that there is steady increase in the appointment of NED in Australian companies. About 62% of female directors of ASX listed companies found to be holding more than one board as compared to an average of 41% for males. Remuneration package for the NED services is on the increase and about on average received about $ 154,170 in remuneration for director’s service in Australia. Court decisions in Australia have detailed and explained what is required of a director. A director should have a fundamental objectives of the business in which the company is involved. A director should be aware of the recent happenings in the company and hence it becomes compulsory on the part of the director to attend the board meeting regularly. Directors should develop a familiarity with the financial status of the company and frequently review its financial reports. A director may be appointed as whole time director due to his expertise knowledge and in such events, he has the duty to evince attention to the company’s affairs that might rationally be estimated to attract inquiry. A study conducted by UTS centre for corporate governance in Australia in June 2006 reveals that all the participating Australian companies in the study had included short biographies of their directors in their annual report as demanded by the Australian Corporations Act, 2001. The average size of the Board is 8 with minimum of 4 and the maximum of 14. Majority of board were comprises of independent, non-executive directors and almost only one executive director in the Board. The ASX study of corporate governance practice disclosure in 2005 revealed that about 47% of companies had not complied with inclusion of independent directors in the Board. As per ASIC report issued during October, 2006, it will check the company’s ASX announcements in case if the company has a market cap of less $500m and if it is engaged in the mining, biotech or energy sectors. Further, ASIC is seriously considering its role to make sure that ASX announcements are accurate and timely. As result of this, the director’s responsibility towards corporate governance has become more accountable. While the ASIC’s authority to impose fines for breaches in the continuous disclosures is more relevant in forcing the corporations to adhere the governance standards, it is also toothed with other regulatory measures as per details given below: ASX has recently requested that Cudeco to clarify its explorations results. A suit was initiated against Jubilee Mining NL for $1.8m by one of its shareholders for late disclosure. The federal Court imposed on Chemeq Ltd a $500,000 penalty plus cost for having botched to disclose the increase in cost of construction in its manufacturing facility and the lack of commercial significance of the grant of a US patent. In the case of ASIC v. HIH Insurance Ltd, Supreme Court of New South Wales found that there was violation by the directors and breach of duty under the corporations Act. Rodney Adler was found to breach his duty as director under section 180,181, 182, and 183 of the Australian Corporation Act and Dominic Fodera was found to be breached the section 180.   Further the Court held that payment of $ 10 million to a related party violated the related party provisions as well as the Australian Corporation Act, 2001 dealing with the extending financial help in the purchase of its parent’s shares. CONCLUSIONS: Australian governance laws and regulations are not prescriptive in nature and instead they recognize that diverse governance structures coincide better for different entities.   Since US have introduced tougher corporate governance codes, the Australia may follow the suit in very near future. In Australia, disclosure is required both periodic and on continuous basis. For instance, all listed companies to disclose well in advance the price sensitive information to the market operator who will then make it available to market participants. However there is lack of severe penalties in case of breaches for disclosure. Thus taking advantage to this loophole, most of the corporates want to avail this as a justification to shun disclosures. The Australian corporations should cope with the international developments on corporate governance. The board should be made aware what is being happening in the overseas. Some argue that the corporate governance is nothing but a cultural issue and in achieving the governance, one has to battle with human nature every day. To obviate these breaches, it is recommended that ASIC should be toothed with more powers to levy administrative fines.   This would definitely augment suppleness, cost-effectiveness and appropriateness of remedies. This will also strengthen the integrity of the law by offering an impartial remedy for conduct that is otherwise absent. It is reported that present disclosure obligations under listing rules is of ambiguous in nature mainly pertaining to the continuous disclosure obligations.   It is necessary to redraft the listing rules to explain the existing exclusions, transforming the balance in favor of disclosures in all but under short circumstances. With the template reviews advocated by the 2003 Uhrig Report which is well under consideration, it is necessary to pause and hold in mind that governance is a means to an end. Proper implementation of governance will contribute to social and economic welfare through efficiency, ethical behavior and competitiveness. It maximizes the profit in the private sector and it monitors the expenditure of pubic monies in public sector. It has become also need of the hour to reintroduce the obligation on the part of a company to respond market rumors in specific situations.   One has to take into cognizance non-accountability of press who publish false rumors thereby triggering movement of share price in the market which creates a not informed and uninformed market. Thus it has become corporates onus to intervene and to augment the market’s state of knowledge. Thus the Corporate governance is the tool to redress the conflicts of interest between various ‘role players’ in the industry and encourages them to share more responsibilities to adhere corporate accountability. [1] http://www.iccwbo.org/corporate-governance/id3615/index.html [2] Awards for best investor relations by Australian companies , JCN Newswires , Septemeber,19,2005. [3] http://www.asic.gov.au/asic/ASIC.NSF/byid/B285C74C43B87CBBCA256FDC00818039?opendocument [4] Dale, Luke, â€Å"Australian Companies and Sarbanes-Oxley: Governance regulations in a parallel universe, Publication, Keeping Good Companies. [i] Dale, Luke, â€Å"Australian Companies and Sarbanes-Oxley: Governance regulations in a parallel universe, Publication, Keeping Good Companies. Brada, Josef C., and Inderjit Singh. 1999. Corporate Governance in Central Eastern Europe: Case Studies of Firms in Transition. Edited by Josef C. Brada, Saul Estrin, Josef C. Brada, Alan Gelb, Inderjit Singh, Josef C. Brada, Inderjit Singh, Saul Estrin, Xavier Richet, Josef C. Brada, and Inderjit Singh. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. Francis, Ronald D. 2000. Ethics and Corporate Governance: An Australian Handbook. Sydney, N.S.W.: University of New South Wales Press. Hollingsworth, Kathryn, and Fidelma White. 1999. Audit, Accountability, and Government. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Power, Michael. 1997. The Audit Society: Rituals of Verification. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sherman, Hugh, and Rajeswararao Chaganti. 1998. Corporate Governance and the Timeliness of Change: Reorientation in 100 American Firms. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Stapledon, G. P. 1996. Institutional Shareholders and Corporate Governance. Oxford: Clarendon Press.    Strathern, Marilyn, ed. 2000. Audit Cultures: Anthropological Studies in Accountability, Ethics, and the Academy. London:    Bryan, Dick. 2000. The Rush to Regulate: The Shift in Australia from the Rule of Markets to the Rule of Capital. Australian Journal of Social Issues 35, no. 4: 333.    Business Focus; the Imperatives of Developing an Enterprise-Wide Risk Management and Governance Framework. 2004. Manila Bulletin, 21 June, NA.    Cheverton, Jeff. 2005. Past Their Peak? Governance and the Future of Peak Bodies in Australia. Australian Journal of Social Issues 40, no. 3: 427+.    Des Horts, Charles-Henri Besseyre. 2002. Governance, Knowledge Creation, and Organizing: An Afterthought. Human Resource Planning 25, no. 4: 48+.       Fort, Timothy L., and Cindy A. Schipani. 2003. Adapting Corporate Governance for Sustainable Peace. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 36, no. 2: 377+.    Gourevitch, Peter A. 2003. Political Determinants of Corporate Governance: Political Context, Corporate Impact. Yale Law Journal 112, no. 7: 1829+.    Kay, John, and Aubrey Silberston. 1995. Corporate Governance. National Institute Economic Review.    Marks, Robert E. 2002. Corporate Governance, or Where Does Ownership Lie? Australian Journal of Management 27, no. 2: i+.    Paredes, Troy A. 2004. A Systems Approach to Corporate Governance Reform: Why Importing U.S. Corporate Law Isn’t the Answer. William and Mary Law Review 45, no. 3: 1055+.    Vancea, Minodora D. 2003. Exporting U.S. Corporate Governance Standards through the Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Unilateralism or Cooperation? Duke Law Journal 53, no. 2: 833+.

Causes And Influences Of The Great Depression - 1782 Words

The Great Depression is a period synonymous with excruciating poverty and darkness worldwide. It can be said that an undeniable impact was felt upon all of the world’s nations - although it can also be said that not all countries were affected negatively. At the time, the majority of the powers of the world were - for the most part - all very much entwined both politically and economically. Thus, the research from this point on will cover not only what caused the depression, but how it impacted each of the major powers of the Asia-Pacific, those being; the United States, China, Japan, and Russia (the former USSR). An in depth analysis of the Great Depression reveals that the United States suffered huge losses, while China, Japan, and the Soviet Union were relatively unaffected. Cause of Great Depression: Let’s begin by exploring the major causes and influences of the great depression. 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